We performed the present study to test whether TCS, in doses that are similar to exposure in humans from personal care products ( 10, 11), has an effect on the fetal hypothalamus. However, the effect of TCS on the developing fetal brain remains unknown. These studies have demonstrated that TCS exposure during fetal life affects fetal and postnatal physiology. In rodents, TCS decreases circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones in the pregnant dam and fetus ( 7, 8), and prolonged exposure to TCS induced fetal growth restriction as well as delayed vaginal opening in the postnatal female offspring ( 9). A recent epidemiologic study showed that maternal urinary TCS concentration was negatively correlated with fetal growth variables in late gestation ( 6). TCS specifically has been associated with fetal growth restriction. Because of its action on a bacterial enzyme that, except for within the gastrointestinal microbiota ( 4), is not expressed in the human being, it is thought to be safe for use in humans ( 5).
TCS acts as an antibacterial because it interrupts fatty acid synthesis ( 2) by inhibiting enoyl reductase in bacteria ( 3). Triclosan (TCS) (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol) is a synthetic antibacterial compound that is commonly added to personal care products ( 1). If these changes persist to postnatal life, they could result in adverse consequences in adulthood. In conclusion, short-term infusion of TCS induces vigorous changes in the fetal hypothalamic transcriptomics, which are mainly related to food intake pathways and metabolism. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that fetal hypothalamic genes stimulated by maternal and fetal TCS infusion were significantly enriching for cell cycle, reproductive process, and feeding behavior, whereas the inhibited genes were significantly enriching for chromatin modification and metabolism of steroids, lipoproteins, fatty acids, and glucose ( P <. Hierarchical clustering of all samples according to gene expression profiles showed that samples from the TCS-treated animals clustered apart from the controls. Fetal hypothalami were collected after 2 days of infusion, and gene expression was measured through microarray.
For indirect TCS exposure, TCS (100 μg/kg For direct TCS exposure, chronically catheterized late gestation fetal sheep were infused with vehicle (n = 4) or TCS (250 μg/d n = 4) iv. The objective of this study was to use transcriptomics and systems analysis to identify significantly altered biological processes in the late gestation ovine fetal hypothalamus after direct or indirect exposure to low doses of TCS. We hypothesize that exposure to TCS during fetal life could affect fetal hypothalamic gene expression. Although TCS has been shown to alter fetal physiology, its effects in the developing fetal brain are unknown.
Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial compound commonly added to personal care products, could be an endocrine disruptor at low doses.
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